The large urban footprint of Delhi, located well inside the densely vegetated IGP, may be a key factor separating the observed fog hole characteristics compared to other cities/basins. The rapid expansion of buildings, industrial parks and associated high-rise apartments in suburbs, such as Electronic City and Whitefield, has made the city insalubrious (read:
Delhi was found to be by far the most frequent with ~55 days characterized as fog holes, followed by 35 days for Milan (Po valley) and 8–12 days for Tianjin, Baoding, and Dezhou (NCP). Selected comments may also be used in the ‘Letters’ section of the Down To Earth print edition.Down To Earth is a product of our commitment to make changes in the way we manage our environment, protect health and secure livelihoods and economic security for all. Processes in GeophysicsAtmospheric One of them is to use greener rooftops, using light-coloured concrete (using limestone aggregates along with asphalt (or tar) making the road surface greyish or even pinkish (as some places in the US have done); these are 50% better than black, since they absorb less heat and reflect more sunlight. Modesto, Stockton, and Merced in California were found to be the least frequent with three to five partial fog hole observations. and you may need to create a new Wiley Online Library account.Enter your email address below and we will send you your usernameIf the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your username
Fortunately, it is still on the safe side in Hyderabad and Bengaluru, but it is time to take steps to keep it low. Grass, plants and trees in the suburbs and rural areas do this. Kolkata: A team of researchers from IIT Kharagpur has found that most cities in the country are turning into "urban heat islands" in all seasons during day and night, officials said. Trees and plants are characterised by their ‘evapotranspiration’— a combination of words wherein evaporation involves the movement of water to the surrounding air, and transpiration refers to the movement of water within a plant and the subsequent lot of water through the stomata (pores found on the leaf surface) in its leaves. Related to Geologic TimeGeomagnetism (1896-1977)International Due to the large data size, a smaller but overlapping period of 8 years was analyzed, comprising December–January from 2009 to 2016. So that the sample size is equal within and outside the city, same number of total 1 km pixels (or equal area) was considered in defining a fog hole. However, we have a request for those who can afford to subscribe: please do. Like many other cities in developing countries, Delhi and Mumbai …
It’s a support for truth and fairness in journalism. Here we must discuss the role of pollution aerosols, which serve as cloud condensation nuclei favoring fog development (Durnkerke, This long‐term decline in fog occurrences has been mostly ascribed to the continued reduction in air pollution in Europe and the United States (Decesari et al., From an aerosol‐radiation perspective, aerosols have a cooling effect at the surface by reflecting much of the sunlight back to space (e.g., Ramanathan et al., Overall, these issues surrounding urbanization and fog become even more relevant in densely populated and developing countries including India and China, where both air pollution and urbanization have continued to increase in the past several decades.
Likewise, when my family and I moved to Hyderabad in 1977, we were told that we do not need air conditioning or even ceiling fans at night. Various heat stress indices were employed to understand the role of urban heat island (UHI) in influencing the present and future urban climate of the city.
The organisation Treepeople lists as many as 22 benefits from trees and plants (see